[리눅스] Linux From Scratch (10.1)

개요

Linux From Scratch (이하, LFS)는 "소스코드에서 시작하여 여러분의 입맛에 맞는 Linux 시스템을 완성"하기 위한 단계별 절차를 제공하는 프로젝트입니다.

리눅스 시스템에 대한 이해를 높일 목적으로 이를 수행해 보았습니다.

이를 통해 얻게 된 지식은 다음과 같습니다.

• 소스코드를 사용한 Compile, Build, Install 절차
• 리눅스 시스템을 동작시키는 필요한 패키지

※ 과정 중 발생한 오류는 대부분 중간에 과정을 누락한 경우였습니다.

본문

개발환경 설정

Virtual Box에 리눅스(Ubuntu)를 설치한 후, 작업을 진행하였습니다.

cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="20.04.2 LTS (Focal Fossa)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS"
VERSION_ID="20.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=focal
UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal

LFS에서 권장하는 도구의 설치 유무를 다음과 같이 스크립트를 사용하여 확인하였습니다.

bash version-check.sh

bash, version 5.0.17(1)-release
/bin/sh -> /usr/bin/bash
Binutils: (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34
bison (GNU Bison) 3.5.1
/usr/bin/yacc -> /usr/bin/bison.yacc
bzip2,  Version 1.0.8, 13-Jul-2019.
Coreutils:  8.30
diff (GNU diffutils) 3.7
find (GNU findutils) 4.7.0
GNU Awk 5.0.1, API: 2.0 (GNU MPFR 4.0.2, GNU MP 6.2.0)
/usr/bin/awk -> /usr/bin/gawk
gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0
g++ (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0
(Ubuntu GLIBC 2.31-0ubuntu9.2) 2.31
grep (GNU grep) 3.4
gzip 1.10
Linux version 5.4.0-66-generic (buildd@lgw01-amd64-039) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04)) #74-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 27 22:54:38 UTC 2021
m4 (GNU M4) 1.4.18
GNU Make 4.2.1
GNU patch 2.7.6
Perl version='5.30.0';
Python 3.8.5
sed (GNU sed) 4.7
tar (GNU tar) 1.30
texi2any (GNU texinfo) 6.7
xz (XZ Utils) 5.2.4
g++ compilation OK

아래 명령으로 /bin/dash 오류를 수정하였습니다.

출처

# /bin/sh -> /bin/dash  
# ERROR: /bin/sh does not point to bash
sudo ln -svf bash /bin/sh

LFS 작업을 진행할 별도의 드라이브를 추가하였습니다.

LFS 를 위한 패키지를 다운로드 합니다.

mkdir -v $LFS/sources
chmod -v a+wt $LFS/sources

wget http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/md5sums -P $LFS/source

pushd $LFS/sources
 md5sum -c md5sums
popd

임시 시스템 빌드

※ 오류에 대비하여 root 권한이 없는 lfs 로 작업합니다.

binutils

오브젝트 파일을 다루기 위한 링커, 어셈블러 및 기타 도구를 포함하고 있는 패키지 입니다.

cd $LFS/sources
tar -xf binutils-2.36.1.tar.xz
mv binutils-2.36.1 binutils
cd binutils
mkdir -v build && cd build

#wrap in time function to compute SBU  
#this will be the only time we do this.  
time { ../configure --prefix=$LFS/tools     \
             --with-lib-path=$LFS/tools/lib \
             --with-sysroot=$LFS            \
             --target=$LFS_TGT              \
             --disable-nls                  \
             --disable-werror    &&           \
        make -j$(nproc) &&                  \  
        make install; }
#end time block

real    2m29.936s
user    2m1.837s
sys    0m17.389s

#step 8: cleanup
$ cd $LFS/sources && rm -rf binutils

# 확인
$lfs/tools/bin 폴더에 $LFS_TGT-linux-... 등의 파일이 생성됨

gcc

#step 1:
cd $LFS/sources
tar -xf gcc-10.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-10.2.0

#step 2: untar additional required packages  
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.1.0 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.2.1 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.2.1 mpc

#step 3: point to 64-bit libs (verbatim LFS 5.5)  
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
 ;;
esac

#step 4:
mkdir -v build
cd       build

#step 5:  
../configure                                       \
    --target=$LFS_TGT                              \
    --prefix=$LFS/tools                            \
    --with-glibc-version=2.11                      \
    --with-sysroot=$LFS                            \
    --with-newlib                                  \
    --without-headers                              \
    --enable-initfini-array                        \
    --disable-nls                                  \
    --disable-shared                               \
    --disable-multilib                             \
    --disable-decimal-float                        \
    --disable-threads                              \
    --disable-libatomic                            \
    --disable-libgomp                              \
    --disable-libquadmath                          \
    --disable-libssp                               \
    --disable-libvtv                               \
    --disable-libstdcxx                            \
    --enable-languages=c,c++

#step 6:  
make -j$(nproc)

#step 7:  
make install

#step 8: cleanup  
cd $LFS/sources && rm -rf gcc-10.2.0

Linux-5.10.17 API Headers

#step 1:
tar -xf linux-5.10.17.tar.xz && cd linux-5.10.17

#step 2: clean the directory  
make mrproper

#step 3:
make headers
find usr/include -name '.*' -delete
rm usr/include/Makefile 
cp -rv usr/include $LFS/usr

#step 4: clean up
cd $LFS/sources/ && rm -rf linux-5.10.17

Glibc-2.33

#step 1:
cd $LFS/sources
tar -xf glibc-2.33.tar.xz && cd glibc-2.33

#step 2: create a compatibility symbolic link for x86_64
case $(uname -m) in
 i?86) ln -sfv ld-linux.so.2 $LFS/lib/ld-lsb.so.3
 ;;
 x86_64) ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64
 ln -sfv ../lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 $LFS/lib64/ld-lsb-x86-64.so.3
 ;;
esac

#step 2
patch -Np1 -i ../glibc-2.33-fhs-1.patch

#step 3
mkdir -v build 
cd build

#step 4
../configure \
 --prefix=/usr \
 --host=$LFS_TGT \
 --build=$(../scripts/config.guess) \
 --enable-kernel=3.2 \
 --with-headers=$LFS/usr/include \
 libc_cv_slibdir=/lib

#step 5
make -j$(nproc)
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

#step 6: clean up
cd $LFS/sources/ && rm -rf glibc-2.33

# /mnt/lfs/usr/lib/crtl.o 생성됨

중간점검

echo 'int main(){}' > dummy.c
$LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c
readelf -l a.out | grep '/ld-linux'

오류가 발생하였습니다.

$LFS_TGT-gcc dummy.c
/mnt/lfs/tools/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/10.2.0/../../../../x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld: cannot find crt1.o: No such file or directory
/mnt/lfs/tools/bin/../lib/gcc/x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/10.2.0/../../../../x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu/bin/ld: cannot find crti.o: No such file or directory

재시도하여 해결, 진행중 무언가 도중에 오류를 냈던 것 같음.

$LFS/tools/libexec/gcc/$LFS_TGT/10.2.0/install-tools/mkheaders

Libstdc++

#step 1:
cd $LFS/sources
tar -xf gcc-10.2.0.tar.xz
cd gcc-10.2.0

#step 2: untar additional required packages  
tar -xf ../mpfr-4.1.0.tar.xz
mv -v mpfr-4.1.0 mpfr
tar -xf ../gmp-6.2.1.tar.xz
mv -v gmp-6.2.1 gmp
tar -xf ../mpc-1.2.1.tar.gz
mv -v mpc-1.2.1 mpc

#step 3: point to 64-bit libs (verbatim LFS 5.5)  
case $(uname -m) in
  x86_64)
    sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
        -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
 ;;
esac

#step 4:
mkdir -v build
cd       build

#step 5:
../libstdc++-v3/configure \
 --host=$LFS_TGT \
 --build=$(../config.guess) \
 --prefix=/usr \
 --disable-multilib \
 --disable-nls \
 --disable-libstdcxx-pch \
 --with-gxx-include-dir=/tools/$LFS_TGT/include/c++/10.2.0

make -j$(nproc)
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources && rm -rf gcc-10.2.0

M4-1.4.18

tar -xf m4-1.4.18.tar.xz
cd m4-1.4.18

sed -i 's/IO_ftrylockfile/IO_EOF_SEEN/' lib/*.c
echo "#define _IO_IN_BACKUP 0x100" >> lib/stdio-impl.h

./configure --prefix=/usr \
 --host=$LFS_TGT \
 --build=$(build-aux/config.guess)

make -j$(nproc)
make DESTDIR=$LFS install

cd $LFS/sources && rm -rf m4-1.4.18

Ncurses-6.2

tar -xf ncurses-6.2.tar.gz
cd ncurses-6.2

sed -i s/mawk// configure

mkdir build
pushd build
 ../configure
 make -C include
 make -C progs tic
popd

./configure --prefix=/usr \
 --host=$LFS_TGT \
 --build=$(./config.guess) \
 --mandir=/usr/share/man \
 --with-manpage-format=normal \
 --with-shared \
 --without-debug \
 --without-ada \
 --without-normal \
 --enable-widec

make -j$(nproc)

make DESTDIR=$LFS TIC_PATH=$(pwd)/build/progs/tic install
echo "INPUT(-lncursesw)" > $LFS/usr/lib/libncurses.so

Bash-5.1 ~ 6.18. GCC-10.2.0

CoreUtils-8.32

# for aclocal-1.16: command not found
$sudo apt install libtools-bin automake

7.1 ~ 7.4

※ Section 7.4, “Entering the Chroot Environment” 전까지 제시된 명령어는 sudo를 사용하여 root 권한에서 실행합니다.

시스템 패키지 빌드 & 설치

8.18 Binutils-2.36.1

오류

The system has no more ptys.
Ask your system administrator to create more.

7.3.2. Mounting and Populating /dev 의 내용을 sudo 를 붙여서 실행한 후 , chroot에 재진입하여 해결하였습니다.

참고

• Linux From Scratch - Version 10.1
• Building Linux From Scratch on a Google Cloud Virtual Machine - Part 1: The Build Environment
• Building Linux From Scratch on a Google Cloud Virtual Machine - Part 2: Building the Temporary System
• Building Linux From Scratch on a Google Cloud Virtual Machine - Part 3: Building and Installing System Packages
• Building Linux From Scratch on a Google Cloud Virtual Machine - Part 4: System Configuration and Kernel Popping
• KLSPWiki: Linux From Scratch